Who were the brexit voters and why

O, et al. The purposes of withdrawing from the EU included sovereignty, which is gaining the capacity to have control over its borders and enabling the United Kingdom to have its individual trade deals. Also, withdrawal from the EU will assist UK to deal with the issue of immigration. The British electorate participated in the referendum in support of Brexit or the withdrawal of the UK membership from the EU. The United Kingdom has been engaging in the debate concerning the pros, as well as cons of its membership in the EU community of nations since its inception. Great Britain has historically been a crucial supporter of numerous major aspects of current European Union like the single market, as well as European Union Regional Strategy.

Chapter One This chapter focuses on whether there was a relationship or connection between the parties supported by voters and whether they supported the withdrawal of Britain from the European Union or not. This section also look to answer the question, were Brexit voters in the European Union referendum persuaded by the opinion of the political party they regularly support? An extensive literature involving social science has focused on the voting trends across all the political extent as a function of economic, political, as well as demographic drivers. Britain`s House of Commons for a long time had the majorities represented in the main two parties. That is the Labour Party, as well as the Conservatives Party. United Kingdom politics has been in crisis since the push for a referendum since this was the initial time the referendum was opposed to the proposal of the government, as well as the status quo.

For the electorate who supported the withdrawal of Britain in the EU, the referendum provided comprehensive instruction for the UK to split from the European Union (Garry, J. A large number of the legislature had voted Remain and were against the possibility which would demand a hard Brexit, on the other hand, minority primarily on the Conservative party, asserted that only the hardest Brexit option would honour the referendum vote. British politics was fairly steady in the post-war periods. This is because the voter`s robust party affiliation was affected by their position in society. The referendum outcomes were not determined based on particular party political orientations. It is evident that the supporters of the Conservative party were against the stance of their party leader, former British Prime Minister, David Cameron.

In contrast, the stance of Conservative legislatures was better comprehended by the general public in comparison with that of their opposition Labour Party (Garry, J. ) Traditional left-right politics failed to describe the referendum vote. The general public divided across party lines, as well as people`s great social values, were very beneficial at explaining the outcome. 2 represents the percentage of votes of people who supported remain in the EU and negotiate the reduction of European Union powers and lastly 3 represents the votes of people who supported remain in the EU and maintain or increase the powers of the EU. The figure above shows the percentage of Leave vote based on Libertarian-Authoritarian. 1 represents the percentage of votes of people who supported authoritarian and accounts for 66%.

2 presents the votes of people who were neutral and neither supported authoritarian or libertarian and lastly 3 represents the votes of people who supported libertarian. The figure above shows the Leave voting pattern based on Left-Right orientation preferences. British politics are in a fluid condition (Matti, J. and Zhou, Y. In a fierce national discussion concerning the withdrawal of UK membership from EU, the previous steady two-party framework is experiencing substantial transformation. The reigning Conservative Party is sadly separated regarding the process of leaving the EU. Under the leadership of Prime Minister May, the party recommended a withdrawal path which will maintain the relationship of UK closely oriented with the European Union. Within the heart of these converging impacts, it is believed that, both the ruling and the opposition can neither completely persuade their supporters, therefore, the time to make adjustments and alterations has arrived.

The editor of the UK politics, Joe Watts wrote an article in the Independent Newspaper lately suggesting that Europe had formerly intimidated to support realignment of the EU, although the old framework endured, despite being shattered. The cracks are profound currently, as well as emerging ones are being developed around racism, defence, and more so capital. Cynical advocates of remain group have a choice to back a latest established split party, called the Independent Group. The party claim to have approximately twelve members to support it in the legislature. However, these emerging parties are not likely to change the framework dramatically. The foundations of British politics are undoubtedly changing. Especially important are three trends. First entails persistent diminishing of conventional political affiliations which used to be closely arranged based on class, as well as forced majority of the proletarian towards Labour party, as well as the conservatives towards the Conservative party (Swales, K.

Academicians such Butler and Stokes used to argue that social class was essentially all that mattered with regarding to describing voting pattern in the United Kingdom. Currently, as opposed to the background plan for United Kingdom Brexit, a notable six out of ten British electorates no longer acknowledge being epitomized by the major political faction, whereas previous month about eight out of ten people informed YouGov that. On the other hand, TIG`s leadership declared, "UK politics is torn. " Also, there exist deep dissatisfaction with the way Brexit was handled, as well as on all section; vast majorities of Leavers, as well as remainers, believe the government is handling the issue of Brexit poorly though for some diverse rational. Although supporters of leave section believe that Theresa May proposal agreement fails to provide the European Union's clean withdrawal which they desire, advocates of remain faction dislike the overall process of UK withdrawal from the EU, perceiving the process as a useless interference from various, compelling internal issues (Swales, K.

Finally, and most significantly, these trends fuel considerably increased volatility in voting: In the present day, citizens are much more ready to shift their allegiance of voting from one party to the other. UK Independent Party is a relatively new candidate in the British political arena, just started in 1991 and obtained its present name in 1993 (Menon, A. and Salter, J. P. The single British question has conventionally been perceived as propelling away from the European Union. The figure below represents the UKIP vote proportions across local authority regions in the EP elections of 2014 plotted against electorate or Leave proportions in the European Union referendum of 2016. This represented 51. 9% for Leave against 48. 1% for Remain. The Prime Minister from Conservative Party was forced to call for Referendum due to provocation from a robust Eurosceptic movement that was taking place within his primary party, as well as the possible political threat that emerged from UKIP (Clarke et al.

The British government at the time was pro-Remain although it permitted senior delegates of his party to conduct the campaign that supported the Leave section. However, the shares who anticipated that Britain should even withdraw was 26 percent in 2015 increasing from 17 percent in 1997. For those who supported Leave Campaign, the fundamental messages focused primarily on “taking back control” of UK borders, legislative making, as well as the funds the UK donates to the European Union budget. As for those who were in opposition, their key arguments were based on the economic rewards of membership, as well as maintaining impact across the globe (Bhambra, G. On the other hand, we understand that electorates are impacted by other aspects. They will pay attention to the opinions of others, such as senior party leaders, celebrities, the media, as well as their peers.

Assessing the graph of education, one will notice that there are various wards as one move to the bottom left corner of the graph where voters with lower educational attainment however offered low Leave, as well as maximum Remain votes (Dorling et al. This is the point where the correlation between low academic attainment and Leave voting disconnect. It emerges that these extraordinary wards contain maximum minority groups, especially, in Birmingham, as well as Haringey located in north London. In comparison, there is practically no dramatic deviation on the opposite side of the line, where a relatively large number of the educated population cast their votes in support of the Leave group. Only a single point on the graph is conspicuous, which is Osterley, as well as Spring Grove in which is primarily ethnic minority ward that managed to attain a Leave vote of about sixty-three percent.

The turnout at every election shows a significant disparity for various groups. For instance, an older population, as well as people who are financially stable are more likely to participate in an election. The age of electorates was a significant aspect in the Brexit referendum, with older voters more likely to vote Leave. Age as a factor significantly contributed to describing the voting trends during the Brexit referendum. This is because the veteran people voted in support of leave group compared to the youths who voted in support of remain group. In comparison, the voice of the working class is reduced. The 18-24 age category points out this contrast perfectly (Hobolt, S. B. Out of this group who revealed they participated in the voting, nearly 72% were found in a social group termed as A, B, as well as C1.

This leads to the emergence of a crucial question: what are the opinions of the remaining 28% on the membership of the UK in the European Union? Such proofs implying that young people are very frequent of higher levels of social classes also eludes in the portrait of traditional wisdom. Social class Percentage of adult population Percentage of leave vote Sample Upper & Upper Middle 23. 1 2, 187 Middle 30. 2 1, 618 “Blue-Collar” & Low-paid workers 46 41. 7 2, 602 Total 100 100 6, 420 Economically wealthy upper class, as well as upper-middle-class electorates, was made up of much lower than a quarter of the mature population. However, they contributed to over a third of the vote in favor of Leave (Mckenzie, L. These factors include sovereignty, immigration matters, as well as the economy. On June 23 2016, the UK public voted the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from EU in the referendum.

This came as a great shock to the rest of Europe and the world at large. This is because Britain has been a great and special member of the European Union from the time it joined the founder members in 1973 when it was popularly known as the European Economic Community. Brexit is the second most important event that has happened in the European continent after the fall of the Berlin Wall which took place in 1989 (Mauldin, J. , 2016, n. p). It is possible that electorates justify their voting motives by carefully selecting reinforced policy positions. The NatCen Panel after a referendum election conducted a survey asking people their opinion concerning the current priority for the government. People who voted remain were substantially more likely to pick education, inequality, poverty, as well as the economy as their primary concern.

Being a member of the European Union, the British government had surrendered some of its power to the European Union. This includes the power to make treaties concerning trade, immigration policies and many others. During the period of the referendum campaign on Brexit, much attention was placed by people who supported “Leave” concerning the lost legislative sovereignty (Hunt, A. and Wheeler, B. , 2017, n. , 2017, n. p). Nevertheless, legislative sovereignty is a deceptive idea which may be comprehended in many diverse ways. For instance, the British legislative website explained legislative sovereignty as one which: “Enable the parliament the superior lawful jurisdiction in the United Kingdom, which can generate or terminate any legislation. Basically, the tribunal cannot revoke its law-making, and no legislature can enact rules and regulation that upcoming Parliaments can fail to revise.

Everything else is chaos. ” Regarding his understanding, he claimed that: “When it amount to fundamental alternative: whether to reinstate the entire administration of this country, or to maintain living dwelling under a supreme international authority, governed by European Council which we have no authority to select in any relevant sense, as well as which the British citizens can never impeach, even if it continues to run in flaws. ” Approximately half, which is 49% of the Leave electorates revealed that the single primary reasons for withdrawal of UK membership from the EU were “the concept that the resolutions regarding the UK should only be made in the UK. ” One-third, approximately, 33% of the voters revealed that the underlying motive was that withdrawing “provided an exceptional opportunity for the UK to reclaim control over immigration, as well as its boarders.

” However, one out of eight (13%) revealed withdrawing from the EU would imply having no option “about how the EU increased its membership or its authority in the future. and Heath, O. Important support of the Leave campaigned was centered on the regulation of immigration by limiting migration of labor force from other EU member states. Nevertheless, from 2003 to 2015, the overall immigration from non-EU countries exceeded the immigration from EU member states by a significant margin, particularly before 2013. A large number of people migrating to United Kingdom from CEE countries and Southern Europe, tend to have been the primary aspect that triggered electorates to vote for the withdrawal of the UK membership from the European Union. It is observable, in sections of the state, like London and other large cities, where foreign communities had existed for a long time, the Britons were less concerned about the immigration issue and voted immensely in support of remain (Somai, M.

This is because the Eurozone was unsuccessful in offering growth across its nineteen member states, as well as the economy of borrower nations shrank sharply. Hence a large population of people made it from Ireland, as well as Southern Europe. The United Kingdom economy rapidly improved after the economic crisis, since the United Kingdom was in full command of its local currency, and debits, as well as could employ successful financial stabilizers. On the other hand, London discovered that due to the Eurozone`s dependency to financially rigid economic strategies, the United Kingdom was operating as the job opportunity cushion for Frankfurt. Chapter Four This chapter focuses on the influence of Brexit vote on the businesses in the United Kingdom. Therefore, in this chapter, we will be assessing how Brexit will influence businesses in the United Kingdom.

Many individuals have businesses established in the UK and they depend on raw materials which are imported from European countries such as Germany, Denmark, France, Spain and many other countries which are members of the UE and since there will be no free trade between the United Kingdom and European Union, the costs of importing supply will increase significantly. In contrast, the UK`s export enterprise may take a substantial hit due to high costs, as well as tariffs. Hence, this is an impact which can be experienced past the supply chain (Breinlich, H. et al. Also, people working with CEP at LSE, as well as IFS found similar outcomes, modelling particularly for how Theresa May`s Brexit deal would influence the economy of the United Kingdom (Coulter, S.

and Hancké, B. They gauged that Theresa May`s Brexit deal could significantly lower the GDP of the United Kingdom per capita by about 1. 9 percent to 5. 5% percent over a decade, in comparison to the “baseline” plan of remaining in the European Union. and Hancké, B. Economists predict that the UK will be hit with a financial loss approximating £75 billion if they are eliminated from the single market. A hard Brexit with the absence of trade accords would exclude United Kingdom`s tax-free trade condition with the rest of the European Union member states. Tariffs would ensure that the costs of exports are elevated. Hence, this would impact negatively to exporters since they would have to raise the prices of their goods across Europe.

Since June 2016, incorporation of robust labor demand, moderate unemployment, as well as a considerable 95% fall in European Union citizens joining the United Kingdom labor force between the first quarter of 2016 and the first quarter of 2018, has exerted strong pressure on UK recruitment (Dhingra, S. et al. Latest data from Labour Market Outlook, as well as Resource and Talent Planning, reveal that 44% of employers the UK encountered a greater challenge in recruiting workers in 2018. Also, another 34% of employers encountered similar difficulty in retaining employees. The widespread of hard-to-fill positions has continued to show an upward trajectory. The European Union migrants contribute significantly to the healthcare sector in the UK about employment. Therefore, if these EU laborers exit the United Kingdom, there will be an enormous gap between the demand, as well as supply for skilled personnel.

Hence, the United Kingdom`s capacity to enroll skilled international personnel could be at a huge risk. Brexit could also trigger a possible reduction regarding foreign investment. Nearly half of the United Kingdom`s FDI capital accounts for £1 trillion, originate from other EU countries. There were coherent indicators of recruiting freeze momentarily following the referendum (Kierzenkowski, R. et al 2016, n. p). In the week following the referendum, online job ads dropped by approximately a half from almost 1. 5 million to an estimated 800 000 as reported by www. , 2017, n. p). Majority of economists would dispute that there is very little of trade-off engaged in this alternative. The European Union is the Britain greatest trade partner, making up nearly a half United Kingdom trade flows and hence, losing entry to the single market would automatically ruin the economy of the United Kingdom.

In 2016, Dhingra et al. and Salter, J. P. Others voted based on their political standing on the issue of Brexit. Therefore, there is no consistent correlation between the parties supported by voters. This is because voters supporting different political parties were either for or against Brexit.  Brexit and Polonia: Challenges facing the Polish Community during the process of Britain leaving the European Union, p. Goodwin, M. , Walshe, Goodwin, Bogdanor, Garrett, Walt and Zenko (2019).  The British System Is Stacked Against Breakaway Parties. [online] Foreign Policy.  International Affairs, 92(6), pp. Swales, K. Understanding the Leave Vote, Natcen.  Social Research that works for society. The UK in a changing Europe. Bachmann, V. and Sidaway, J. D. Brexit geopolitics.  Geoforum, 77, pp.  Parliamentary Affairs, 70(3), pp. Dorling, D.

, Stuart, B. and Stubbs, J. Don’t mention this around the Christmas table: Brexit, inequality and the demographic divide. Mckenzie, L. ‘It’s not ideal’: Reconsidering ‘anger ‘and ‘apathy ‘in the Brexit vote among an invisible working class.  Competition & Change, 21(3), pp. Moody, K. "The Quiet People of Britain:" Was Brexit a Working-Class Revolt? Against the Current, 31(4), p. J. and Heath, O. The 2016 referendum, Brexit and the left behind: An aggregate‐level analysis of the result.  The Political Quarterly, 87(3), pp. Somai, M. and Hancké, B. A bonfire of the regulations, or business as usual? The UK labour market and the political economy of Brexit.  The Political Quarterly, 87(2), pp. Dhingra, S. , Ottaviano, G.  BREXIT 2016, 24, p. Dhingra, S. , Ottaviano, G. I. , Sampson, T. and Waddle, A.