End Stage Kidney Disease Essay

Document Type:Essay

Subject Area:Psychology

Document 1

The exam also reveals 2+ bilateral edema and multiple bruises. The patient medical history shows that she suffers from cirrhosis, smoking related problems, gout, and diabetes mellitus. An analysis on her current medication was carried out and presented with her laboratory results. One of the patient’s new medication is Glisten. Introduction Kidneys The kidneys are urinary system organs that are responsible for filtering blood. Its main function is the synthesis of glucose, lipid, and glycogen. In addition to that, the liver stores glycogen as well as metabolism of the proteins and the growth hormone. It also detoxifies the body during urea production while also releasing Aldosterone. This process involves extracting toxic chemicals from the blood system. During the fetal growth, the liver is responsible for the synthesis and production of the red blood cells.

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The pancreas is significant in digestion of food and purification of blood (Hall, 2015). As such, the pancreas uses three types of enzymes which are the trypsin, amylase and the lipase. All these three enzymes specifically break down a component of the food ingested. Trypsin breaks down proteins, amylase digests carbohydrates while the lipase breaks down the fats. Food which comes from the stomach is acidic due to the presence of HCl. In the case of Sarah, her anemia is caused by iron deficiency coupled with her renal disease. Renal disease points to the kidney’s inability to produce erythropoietin for the formation of red blood cells (Hall, 2015). As a result, he body cannot make an adequate amount of blood. The patient’s CBC results show a low red blood cell count.

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In addition, weakness and yellowish skin are signs of iron deficiency due to liver disease that inhibits the storage of iron. In order to establish homeostasis, the patient’s body will reabsorb more water through the kidneys. Since Sarah’s body does not produce erythroprotein’s she may suffer from hypertension which in this case is having a low blood pressure. There are five key parameters that maintain the pressure of the blood. These parameters are the, blood volume, heart rate, stroke volume, peripheral resistance in addition to blood viscosity. Due to the anemic conditions of her blood, she has a low blood viscosity thus causing the liver to function abnormally. Sarah is suffering from kidney failure and is not able to produce the erythropoietin thus decreasing her blood pressure.

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This decrease should produce a chain reaction by sending a signal to the posterior pituitary gland which responds adequately by stimulating the supraoptic nuclei to release the Anti- diuretic hormone (ADH). When in good working conditions, the ADH creates channels in the kidney to enhance the absorption of water consequently increasing the blood pressure. The elevated levels of ADH in her blood cause a failure of her kidney to respond to the low blood pressure thus being unable to stimulate the kidneys accordingly. While keeping in mind that she is suffering from liver cirrhosis, Sarah gas elevated glucose in her blood. It also triggers the release of ADH and aldosterone. ADH increases water reabsorption in the kidney while aldosterone causes sodium retention and potassium release in the kidneys.

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RAAS can also be triggered by dehydration. Studies have shown that vitamin D deficiency can cause elevated angiotensin II levels which trigger increased water reabsorption (Forman, Williams & Fisher, 2010). The low vitamin tests are as a result of the patient suffering from liver cirrhosis that presents the absorption of vitamin K, the storage of vitamin A, and the utilization of Vitamin E. In the bones, the parathyroid hormone activates the osteoclast to break down the bone to get calcium and transfer it to the blood. Additionally, in the kidney, it increases the rate of absorption of calcium from the urine coupled with activation of vitamin D. It then travels to the small intestine where it stimulates it to increase the absorption of calcium from the diet.

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Physiological Findings Results A physical exam showed symptoms such as yellowish skin and sclera, multiple bruises, edema, and weakness. These signs point to a liver disease or anomaly. Additionally, her bilirubin is blocked and is not able to travel down the bile duct and coupled with its conversion to stercobilin which is orange-brown in color. The role of Glisten The medication works on the pancreatic beta cells to encourage the release of insulin. These cells as ATP sensitive cells that are responsible for the release of insulin. Glisten suppresses the output of hepatic glucose by suppressing gluconeogenesis in the liver. This enhances the production and transportation of insulin to the plasma membrane. To remedy her situation, Sarah can consider undergoing a complete transplant of the liver and kidney after which she may consider changing her lifestyle so that the health complications may not re-occur again.

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