Effects of physical and verbal bullying on children's social and emotional development

 Cognitie, Creier, Comportament/Cognition, Brain, Behavior, 17(4). The article focuses on the relationship between bullying behaviors and the outcome of the development of children, using Romania as the case study. Bullying is constituted by deliberate and repetitive exposure to negative action of a person with an imbalanced power and strength towards another person or group of people. Further, the article presents the possible intervention based on age, gender, and socioeconomic differences for national and school level. The finding of the article is that bullying is a widespread social behavior in Romanian school.  School psychology review, 46(1), 42-64. The article focuses on the relationship between bullying experiences such as victimization, bullying, and defense and the development factors like social, cognitive, and emotional development. The article has been developed on the hypothesis that bullying is affected by these factors by undertaking analysis on a sample of 246 children between sixth and eighth grades to assess their executive functioning.

The article concluded that there a significant and positive association between emotional difficulties and victimization for both boys and girls, defense among girls and executive functioning as a defense for boys and related the social skills in defense for both genders. The article provides an exotic description of the existing association between emotional, social, and cognitive factors and bullying among children. Executive functions in children who experience bullying situations.  Frontiers in psychology, 7, 1197. The article focuses on the hot and cold executive functions in bullied children by assessing by testing the decision-making, working memory, inhibitory control, and cognitive flexibility for a sample of 60 children between 10 and 11 years. During the tests, it was identified that bullies and bullying victims portrayed different levels of cognitive behaviors where the bully group made more unfavorable choices while the victim group took a longer time to complete the Trail Making Test.