Health promotion plan for smoking cessation

Although there are tremendous benefits of smoking cessation even at old age, there are a few campaign plans that target older women. The incidences of smoking vary between many countries in the world. Thus, most smoking practices are different depending on the race, culture, ethnicity, income, and region. Therefore, due to many health issues that are detrimental to the human body due to tobacco use, most countries have initiated control programs that have been implemented as health promotion plans for persons addicted to cigarette smoking. This study aims at providing health model plans that are pivotal at reducing the growing liability that is accustomed to individual suffering from chronic diseases due to cigarette smoking among African American women. In as much as African Americans begin smoking at a later period, most African American women prefer the smoking of menthol cigarettes which is highly dangerous due to its higher nicotine and tar content (Morabia et al 2002).

Therefore, cessation of smoking is important to African American women who are 55 years and above, because of regardless of age by quitting smoking their risk of having the progression of COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease), reduced risk of myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke. Subsequently, when an individual quits cigarette smoking, there will be respiratory and cardiovascular benefits. Each year African American women die of smoking-related diseases and infections. The most leading cause of preventable death in the world is smoking addiction among people in society. Consequently, limited health literacy is related to the adverse health outcomes of individuals in society. Numerous models have been proposed to explain the effects of health literacy to individuals on their health conditions, but the health outcomes of individuals have been discovered to be the primary predictor of health literacy than socio-demographic features such as income, education, race, and ethnicity.

According to (Hoover et al 2015), individuals with health literacy problems are more likely to be engaged with factors of high-risk behaviors, less preventative upkeep, poor medication adherence, and inadequate medical knowledge. Health literacy problem associates individuals with health risks and outcomes due to delayed health care and reduced use of emergency services (Jordan et al 2017). The health literacy is mainly associated with health risk behaviors such as cigarette smoking, drug abuse, alcoholism, inactive behavior. The survey was conducted on all patients for four months whereby the patients had to provide their eligibility for inclusion to the research if they are smoking one cigarette per day (Golechha 2016). I chose the African American women of 55 years and above because in most cases there is a difference in persistent healthcare and treatment for African American women due to their ethnicity, occupation, and culture, as well as poverty and population density in the communities they reside.

Health Promotion Model Globally, the most preventable cause of morbidity and premature mortality is caused by cigarette smoking. According to (Golechha 2016), approximately more than 438,000 Americans die every year due to smoking-related epidemics and infections. Therefore, more than one in five United States population deaths is caused by cigarette smoking. Therefore, at this stage, the patient should avoid stress, inform their family of this bold step of quitting, anticipate challenges, remove cigarettes from their environment, avoid smoking areas, and have total abstinence. Interventions/ Initiatives The interventions and initiatives that are currently existing on assisting the African American women of 55 years and above are for instance screening and diagnosis programs, 5A model of smoking cessation, treatment, therapy, non-pharmacological therapy, pharmacotherapy, follow-up, and prognosis.

The national programs that exist as smoking cessation strategy are through “teachable moments”, where the patient is given brief information on the health benefits of quitting smoking regardless of their age (Buchbinder et al 2014). Thus, through peer education programs that provide information on the adverse health effects of smoking, banning of smoking in public places, and marketing restrictions are methods used to reduce the number of African American women affected by smoking addiction. The local intervention programs that target the African American women in general is through special service support in the community and health care facilities that teach the African American women of the adverse effects of cigarette smoking. The evidence-based intervention programs that I might implement for the African American women that are above 55 years of age and above is through the promotion of regular physical activity and psychological health (Heath et al 2012).

Such activities include the creation of fitness centers for women who have quit smoking s to increase social functioning, physical functioning, mental health, and personal health. The barriers that most individuals that are quitting smoking include: withdrawal symptoms that cause the body to need the smoke. However, these withdrawal symptoms can be signs that the body is recovering from cigarette addiction. Other barriers include; cravings, trouble sleeping and concentrating, agitation, irritability, nervousness, weight gain and increase in appetite. , Zuskov, D. , McLean, S. , & Sleath, B. Teachable moments and missed opportunities for smoking cessation counseling in a hospital emergency department: a mixed-methods study of patient-provider communication.  BMC health services research, 14(1), 651. , & Audrain-McGovern, J. Smoking-related weight concerns among underserved, black maternal smokers.  American journal of health behavior, 33(6), 699-709.